Access to Germany requires holding a visa whose nature depends on the purpose of travel and the planned length of stay.
For short stays, the traveller must hold a short-stay Schengen visa unless they benefit from a visa exemption. For any long stay, such as studies, employment or family reunification, a national visa application must be submitted. In some cases, a transit visa may also be required.
The short-stay Schengen visa allows third-country nationals subject to the visa requirement to enter Germany for a maximum of 90 days in any 180-day period. This visa generally does not allow professional activity.
When the stay exceeds 90 days, especially for studies, employment or family reunification, the applicant must apply for a national visa corresponding to the purpose of the stay.
For airport transit, foreign travellers making a stopover in Germany before continuing to a destination outside the Schengen area may, under certain conditions, benefit from the transit privilege. In that case, no transit visa is needed. However, an airport transit visa may be required when the traveller must leave the international transit area, particularly to change terminal, or if the final destination is in the Schengen area.
Only five German airports have an international transit area allowing travellers to change aircraft without officially entering the Schengen area. These include Berlin Brandenburg, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Hamburg and Düsseldorf.